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* Pure Object-based Query Builder for Coherent.js Database Layer
*
* @fileoverview Provides pure JavaScript object structure for building database queries
* with a declarative, object-based approach.
*
* Values are always sent to the driver as bound parameters (`?`). Everything that ends
* up in the SQL text itself -- table and column names, aliases, join conditions, sort
* directions, LIMIT/OFFSET and operators -- is validated, and anything that does not
* match the expected shape throws instead of being interpolated.
*
* A plain object used as a WHERE value is read as an operator object
* (`{ age: { '>': 18 } }`). Do not pass unvalidated request bodies as WHERE values:
* a client could send an operator object where a scalar was expected.
*/
/**
* Creates a database query configuration object
*
* @typedef {Object} QueryConfig
* @property {string|{table: string, alias?: string}} [table] - The table to query
* @property {string|{table: string, alias?: string}} [from] - Alias of `table`
* @property {string} [alias] - Alias for `table` in SELECT queries
* @property {string|string[]|Object<string, string>} [select] - Columns to select
* @property {Array<Object>} [joins] - Joins: `{ type, table, alias, condition }`
* @property {Object} [where] - Query conditions
* @property {Object|string|string[]} [orderBy] - Sort configuration
* @property {number} [limit] - Maximum number of results (non-negative integer)
* @property {number} [offset] - Number of rows to skip (non-negative integer)
* @property {Object|Object[]} [insert] - Data to insert
* @property {Object} [update] - Data to update
* @property {boolean} [delete] - Whether to delete
* @property {string|string[]} [returning] - Columns to return from INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
* @property {boolean} [allowFullTable] - Allow UPDATE/DELETE without a WHERE clause
*/
const IDENTIFIER_SOURCE = '[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*(?:\\.[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)?';
const IDENTIFIER = new RegExp(`^${IDENTIFIER_SOURCE}$`);
const ALIAS = /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/;
const TABLE_STAR = /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\.\*$/;
const AGGREGATE = new RegExp(`^(?:COUNT|SUM|AVG|MIN|MAX)\\(\\s*(?:DISTINCT\\s+)?(?:\\*|${IDENTIFIER_SOURCE})\\s*\\)$`, 'i');
// `<expression> AS <alias>` at the end of a column. Unanchored at the start
// on purpose: /^(.+?)\s+AS\s+…$/ let `.+?` and `\s+` both claim a run of
// spaces, which took seconds on a column like 'a' followed by 50,000 spaces.
const SELECT_ALIAS = /\sAS\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)$/i;
const COMPARISON = `${IDENTIFIER_SOURCE}\\s*(?:=|<>|!=|<=|>=|<|>)\\s*${IDENTIFIER_SOURCE}`;
const JOIN_CONDITION = new RegExp(`^${COMPARISON}(?:\\s+AND\\s+${COMPARISON})*$`, 'i');
const JOIN_TYPES = new Set(['INNER', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT', 'FULL', 'CROSS', 'LEFT OUTER', 'RIGHT OUTER', 'FULL OUTER']);
const QUERY_KEYS = new Set([
'table', 'from', 'alias', 'select', 'joins', 'where', 'orderBy', 'limit', 'offset',
'insert', 'update', 'delete', 'returning', 'allowFullTable'
]);
const SUPPORTED_OPERATORS = '=, !=, <>, >, >=, <, <=, like, not like, ilike, not ilike, in, not in, between, not between';
function formatValue(value) {
if (typeof value === 'string') return JSON.stringify(value);
Iif (value === undefined) return 'undefined';
try {
return JSON.stringify(value) ?? String(value);
} catch {
return String(value);
}
}
function isPlainObject(value) {
if (value === null || typeof value !== 'object') return false;
const proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(value);
return proto === Object.prototype || proto === null;
}
/**
* Assert that a value is a safe SQL identifier (`name` or `table.name`).
*
* @param {*} name - Identifier to check
* @param {string} [context='identifier'] - What the identifier is used for, for the error message
* @returns {string} The identifier
* @throws {Error} If the identifier contains anything but letters, digits, underscores and one dot
*/
export function assertIdentifier(name, context = 'identifier') {
if (typeof name !== 'string' || !IDENTIFIER.test(name)) {
throw new Error(
`Invalid SQL identifier for ${context}: ${formatValue(name)}. ` +
'Identifiers may only contain letters, digits and underscores, optionally qualified as table.column.'
);
}
return name;
}
function assertAlias(alias, context) {
if (typeof alias !== 'string' || !ALIAS.test(alias)) {
throw new Error(`Invalid SQL alias for ${context}: ${formatValue(alias)}. Aliases may only contain letters, digits and underscores.`);
}
return alias;
}
/**
* Creates a query configuration object
*
* @param {QueryConfig} config - Query configuration
* @returns {QueryConfig} The query configuration object
*
* @example
* // Basic select
* const userQuery = createQuery({
* table: 'users',
* select: ['id', 'name', 'email'],
* where: { active: true },
* orderBy: { created_at: 'DESC' },
* limit: 10
* });
*
* // Insert
* const insertQuery = createQuery({
* table: 'users',
* insert: { name: 'John', email: 'john@example.com' }
* });
*
* // Update
* const updateQuery = createQuery({
* table: 'users',
* update: { last_login: new Date() },
* where: { id: 1 }
* });
*
* // Delete
* const deleteQuery = createQuery({
* table: 'users',
* where: { inactive_days: { '>': 365 } },
* delete: true
* });
*/
export function createQuery(config) {
return { ...config };
}
/**
* Executes a query using the provided configuration
*
* @param {Object} db - Database connection/manager
* @param {QueryConfig} query - Query configuration
* @returns {Promise<*>} Query result
* @throws {Error} If the configuration contains an unsafe identifier, an unknown operator,
* an undefined WHERE value, an invalid LIMIT/OFFSET, or an UPDATE/DELETE without a WHERE
* clause (unless `allowFullTable: true`)
*/
export async function executeQuery(db, query) {
const { sql, params } = buildSQL(query);
return await db.query(sql, params);
}
/**
* Build the SQL text and parameters for a query configuration without running it.
*
* @param {QueryConfig} query - Query configuration
* @returns {{sql: string, params: Array}} SQL with `?` placeholders and its parameters
*/
function buildSQL(query) {
Iif (!isPlainObject(query)) {
throw new Error('Query configuration must be a plain object');
}
for (const key of Object.keys(query)) {
if (!QUERY_KEYS.has(key)) {
throw new Error(`Unknown query option "${key}". Supported options: ${[...QUERY_KEYS].join(', ')}`);
}
}
const statements = ['insert', 'update', 'delete'].filter((key) => query[key]);
Iif (statements.length > 1) {
throw new Error(`A query can only be one of insert, update or delete; got ${statements.join(' and ')}`);
}
if (statements.length === 1) {
// Silently ignoring e.g. `limit` on a DELETE would affect more rows than asked for.
const selectOnly = ['select', 'joins', 'orderBy', 'limit', 'offset', 'alias'];
if (query.insert) selectOnly.push('where', 'allowFullTable');
const unsupported = selectOnly.filter((key) => query[key] !== undefined);
if (unsupported.length > 0) {
throw new Error(`${unsupported.join(', ')} cannot be used with ${statements[0]}`);
}
}
const params = [];
let sql;
if (query.insert) {
sql = buildInsertSQL(query, params);
} else if (query.update) {
sql = buildUpdateSQL(query, params);
} else if (query.delete) {
sql = buildDeleteSQL(query, params);
} else {
sql = buildSelectSQL(query, params);
}
return { sql, params };
}
function resolveTable(query, { allowAlias }) {
const ref = query.table ?? query.from;
if (ref === undefined || ref === null) {
throw new Error('Query requires a table (set `table` or `from`)');
}
if (typeof ref === 'object') {
const table = assertIdentifier(ref.table, 'table');
Iif (ref.alias === undefined) return table;
Iif (!allowAlias) throw new Error('Table aliases are only supported in SELECT queries');
return `${table} ${assertAlias(ref.alias, `table ${table}`)}`;
}
const table = assertIdentifier(ref, 'table');
if (query.alias === undefined) return table;
if (!allowAlias) throw new Error('Table aliases are only supported in SELECT queries');
return `${table} ${assertAlias(query.alias, `table ${table}`)}`;
}
function formatSelectColumn(column) {
Iif (typeof column !== 'string') {
throw new Error(`Invalid select column: ${formatValue(column)}`);
}
const trimmed = column.trim();
const aliased = SELECT_ALIAS.exec(trimmed);
const expression = aliased ? trimmed.slice(0, aliased.index).trim() : trimmed;
const valid = expression === '*' ||
TABLE_STAR.test(expression) ||
IDENTIFIER.test(expression) ||
AGGREGATE.test(expression);
if (!valid || (aliased && (expression === '*' || TABLE_STAR.test(expression)))) {
throw new Error(
`Invalid select column: ${formatValue(column)}. Use a column name (optionally table-qualified), ` +
'"*", "table.*", or COUNT/SUM/AVG/MIN/MAX of a column, each optionally followed by "AS alias". ' +
'Use db.query() for raw SQL expressions.'
);
}
return aliased ? `${expression} AS ${aliased[1]}` : expression;
}
function buildColumnList(select) {
if (select === undefined || select === null) return '*';
let columns;
if (typeof select === 'string') {
columns = select.split(',').map(formatSelectColumn);
} else if (Array.isArray(select)) {
columns = select.map(formatSelectColumn);
} else if (isPlainObject(select)) {
columns = Object.entries(select).map(([alias, column]) => {
assertAlias(alias, 'select');
const expression = formatSelectColumn(column);
// `{ alias: '*' }` or `{ alias: 'col AS other' }` would render two aliases
const aliasable = !/ AS /.test(expression) && (!expression.includes('*') || AGGREGATE.test(expression));
if (!aliasable) {
throw new Error(`Invalid select column for alias ${alias}: ${formatValue(column)}`);
}
return `${expression} AS ${alias}`;
});
} else E{
throw new Error(`Invalid select: ${formatValue(select)}`);
}
return columns.length > 0 ? columns.join(', ') : '*';
}
function buildJoin(join) {
Iif (!isPlainObject(join)) {
throw new Error(`Invalid join: ${formatValue(join)}`);
}
const type = String(join.type ?? 'INNER').trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ').toUpperCase();
if (!JOIN_TYPES.has(type)) {
throw new Error(`Invalid join type: ${formatValue(join.type)}. Supported: ${[...JOIN_TYPES].join(', ')}`);
}
const table = assertIdentifier(join.table, 'join table');
const target = join.alias !== undefined ? `${table} ${assertAlias(join.alias, `join ${table}`)}` : table;
Iif (type === 'CROSS') {
return ` CROSS JOIN ${target}`;
}
const condition = join.condition ?? join.on;
if (typeof condition !== 'string' || !JOIN_CONDITION.test(condition.trim())) {
throw new Error(
`Invalid join condition: ${formatValue(condition)}. ` +
'Use column comparisons such as "users.id = posts.user_id", joined with AND.'
);
}
return ` ${type} JOIN ${target} ON ${condition.trim()}`;
}
function normalizeDirection(direction, column) {
if (direction === undefined) return 'ASC';
if (typeof direction === 'string' && /^(asc|desc)$/i.test(direction.trim())) {
return direction.trim().toUpperCase();
}
throw new Error(`Invalid ORDER BY direction for ${column}: ${formatValue(direction)}. Use ASC or DESC.`);
}
function parseOrderString(entry) {
const parts = entry.trim().split(/\s+/);
Iif (parts.length > 2 || parts[0] === '') {
throw new Error(`Invalid ORDER BY entry: ${formatValue(entry)}. Use "column" or "column ASC|DESC".`);
}
return [parts[0], parts[1]];
}
function buildOrderBy(orderBy) {
let entries;
Iif (typeof orderBy === 'string') {
entries = orderBy.split(',').map(parseOrderString);
} else if (Array.isArray(orderBy)) {
entries = orderBy.flatMap((entry) => {
if (typeof entry === 'string') return [parseOrderString(entry)];
Eif (isPlainObject(entry)) return Object.entries(entry);
throw new Error(`Invalid ORDER BY entry: ${formatValue(entry)}`);
});
} else if (isPlainObject(orderBy)) {
entries = Object.entries(orderBy);
} else E{
throw new Error(`Invalid orderBy: ${formatValue(orderBy)}`);
}
return entries
.map(([column, direction]) => `${assertIdentifier(column, 'ORDER BY')} ${normalizeDirection(direction, column)}`)
.join(', ');
}
function formatCount(value, clause) {
if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < 0) {
throw new Error(`${clause} must be a non-negative integer, got ${formatValue(value)}`);
}
return value;
}
function buildReturning(query) {
if (query.returning === undefined) return '';
const columns = Array.isArray(query.returning) ? query.returning : [query.returning];
Iif (columns.length === 0) return '';
const list = columns.map((column) => (column === '*' ? '*' : assertIdentifier(column, 'RETURNING'))).join(', ');
return ` RETURNING ${list}`;
}
function buildSelectSQL(query, params) {
let sql = `SELECT ${buildColumnList(query.select)} FROM ${resolveTable(query, { allowAlias: true })}`;
if (query.joins !== undefined) {
Iif (!Array.isArray(query.joins)) {
throw new Error('joins must be an array');
}
for (const join of query.joins) {
sql += buildJoin(join);
}
}
if (query.where !== undefined) {
const whereClause = buildWhereClause(query.where, params);
if (whereClause) sql += ` WHERE ${whereClause}`;
}
if (query.orderBy !== undefined && query.orderBy !== null) {
const orderClause = buildOrderBy(query.orderBy);
if (orderClause) sql += ` ORDER BY ${orderClause}`;
}
if (query.limit !== undefined && query.limit !== null) {
const limit = formatCount(query.limit, 'LIMIT');
if (limit > 0) sql += ` LIMIT ${limit}`;
}
if (query.offset !== undefined && query.offset !== null) {
const offset = formatCount(query.offset, 'OFFSET');
if (offset > 0) sql += ` OFFSET ${offset}`;
}
Iif (query.returning !== undefined) {
throw new Error('returning is only supported for insert, update and delete queries');
}
return sql;
}
/** Entries of a data object, minus keys whose value is undefined. */
function definedEntries(data, statement) {
Iif (!isPlainObject(data)) {
throw new Error(`${statement} data must be a plain object`);
}
return Object.entries(data).filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined);
}
function buildInsertSQL(query, params) {
const table = resolveTable(query, { allowAlias: false });
const rows = Array.isArray(query.insert) ? query.insert : [query.insert];
Iif (rows.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`INSERT INTO ${table} requires at least one row`);
}
const firstEntries = definedEntries(rows[0], 'INSERT');
Iif (firstEntries.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`INSERT INTO ${table} requires at least one column value`);
}
const columns = firstEntries.map(([column]) => assertIdentifier(column, `INSERT INTO ${table}`));
const placeholders = `(${columns.map(() => '?').join(', ')})`;
const values = rows.map((row, index) => {
const entries = definedEntries(row, 'INSERT');
const keys = entries.map(([column]) => column);
Iif (keys.length !== columns.length || !keys.every((key) => columns.includes(key))) {
throw new Error(`INSERT INTO ${table}: row ${index} has different columns than row 0`);
}
const byColumn = Object.fromEntries(entries);
params.push(...columns.map((column) => byColumn[column]));
return placeholders;
});
return `INSERT INTO ${table} (${columns.join(', ')}) VALUES ${values.join(', ')}${buildReturning(query)}`;
}
function requireWhere(query, params, statement, table) {
const whereClause = query.where === undefined ? '' : buildWhereClause(query.where, params);
if (!whereClause) {
if (query.allowFullTable !== true) {
throw new Error(
`Refusing to run ${statement} on ${table} without a WHERE clause: it would affect every row. ` +
'Pass allowFullTable: true to do this on purpose.'
);
}
return '';
}
return ` WHERE ${whereClause}`;
}
function buildUpdateSQL(query, params) {
const table = resolveTable(query, { allowAlias: false });
const entries = definedEntries(query.update, 'UPDATE');
Iif (entries.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`UPDATE ${table} requires at least one column value`);
}
const setClause = entries
.map(([column]) => `${assertIdentifier(column, `UPDATE ${table}`)} = ?`)
.join(', ');
params.push(...entries.map(([, value]) => value));
return `UPDATE ${table} SET ${setClause}${requireWhere(query, params, 'UPDATE', table)}${buildReturning(query)}`;
}
function buildDeleteSQL(query, params) {
const table = resolveTable(query, { allowAlias: false });
return `DELETE FROM ${table}${requireWhere(query, params, 'DELETE', table)}${buildReturning(query)}`;
}
function buildWhereClause(conditions, params) {
Iif (!isPlainObject(conditions)) {
throw new Error(`WHERE conditions must be a plain object, got ${formatValue(conditions)}`);
}
const clauses = [];
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(conditions)) {
if (key === '$or' || key === '$and') {
if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`${key} requires a non-empty array of condition objects`);
}
const parts = value.map((condition) => {
const clause = buildWhereClause(condition, params);
if (!clause) {
throw new Error(`Every ${key} entry must contain at least one condition`);
}
return `(${clause})`;
});
clauses.push(`(${parts.join(key === '$or' ? ' OR ' : ' AND ')})`);
continue;
}
if (key === '$not') {
const clause = isPlainObject(value) ? buildWhereClause(value, params) : '';
if (!clause) {
throw new Error('$not requires a condition object with at least one condition');
}
clauses.push(`NOT (${clause})`);
continue;
}
if (key.startsWith('$')) {
throw new Error(`Unknown logical operator "${key}". Supported: $or, $and, $not`);
}
clauses.push(...buildColumnConditions(assertIdentifier(key, 'WHERE'), value, params));
}
return clauses.join(' AND ');
}
function buildColumnConditions(column, value, params) {
if (value === undefined) {
throw new Error(
`WHERE value for ${column} is undefined. Remove the key, or pass null to match NULL.`
);
}
if (value === null) {
return [`${column} IS NULL`];
}
if (Array.isArray(value)) {
throw new Error(`WHERE value for ${column} is an array. Use { in: [...] } to match a list of values.`);
}
if (isPlainObject(value)) {
const operators = Object.entries(value);
if (operators.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`WHERE value for ${column} is an empty operator object`);
}
return operators.map(([operator, operand]) => buildOperatorCondition(column, operator, operand, params));
}
params.push(value);
return [`${column} = ?`];
}
function assertOperand(operand, column, operator) {
if (operand === undefined) {
throw new Error(`Operand of "${operator}" for ${column} is undefined`);
}
Iif (isPlainObject(operand)) {
throw new Error(`Operand of "${operator}" for ${column} must be a value, got an object`);
}
return operand;
}
function buildOperatorCondition(column, rawOperator, operand, params) {
const operator = String(rawOperator).trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ').toUpperCase();
switch (operator) {
case '=':
case '!=':
case '<>':
case '>':
case '>=':
case '<':
case '<=':
case 'LIKE':
case 'NOT LIKE':
case 'ILIKE':
case 'NOT ILIKE': {
assertOperand(operand, column, rawOperator);
if (operand === null) {
Iif (operator === '=') return `${column} IS NULL`;
Eif (operator === '!=' || operator === '<>') return `${column} IS NOT NULL`;
throw new Error(`Operator "${rawOperator}" for ${column} cannot be used with null`);
}
Iif (Array.isArray(operand)) {
throw new Error(`Operand of "${rawOperator}" for ${column} must be a single value, got an array`);
}
params.push(operand);
return `${column} ${operator} ?`;
}
case 'IN':
case 'NOT IN': {
Iif (!Array.isArray(operand)) {
throw new Error(`Operand of "${rawOperator}" for ${column} must be an array`);
}
// `x IN ()` is a syntax error; an empty list matches nothing (IN) or everything (NOT IN).
if (operand.length === 0) {
return operator === 'IN' ? '1 = 0' : '1 = 1';
}
operand.forEach((item) => params.push(assertOperand(item, column, rawOperator)));
return `${column} ${operator} (${operand.map(() => '?').join(', ')})`;
}
case 'BETWEEN':
case 'NOT BETWEEN': {
Iif (!Array.isArray(operand) || operand.length !== 2) {
throw new Error(`Operand of "${rawOperator}" for ${column} must be a [low, high] array`);
}
operand.forEach((item) => {
Iif (assertOperand(item, column, rawOperator) === null) {
throw new Error(`Bounds of "${rawOperator}" for ${column} cannot be null`);
}
params.push(item);
});
return `${column} ${operator} ? AND ?`;
}
default:
throw new Error(`Unsupported operator "${rawOperator}" for ${column}. Supported: ${SUPPORTED_OPERATORS}`);
}
}
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