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* Pure Object-Based Model System for Coherent.js
*
* @fileoverview Core model system using pure JavaScript objects for consistency
*/
import { executeQuery, assertIdentifier } from './query-builder.js';
function isPlainObject(value) {
if (value === null || typeof value !== 'object') return false;
const proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(value);
return proto === Object.prototype || proto === null;
}
/**
* The database a model class queries, or a clear error when none is set.
*
* @private
*/
function requireDatabase(ModelClass, options = {}) {
const db = options.transaction || ModelClass.db;
if (!db || typeof db.query !== 'function') {
throw new Error(
`${ModelClass.name} has no database connection. Call ${ModelClass.name}.setDatabase(db) before querying.`
);
}
return db;
}
/**
* Number of rows a write changed, as reported by the driver.
*
* @private
*/
function affectedRowsOf(result) {
for (const key of ['affectedRows', 'changes', 'rowCount']) {
Eif (typeof result?.[key] === 'number') return result[key];
}
return 0;
}
/**
* Whether inserts must ask for generated keys with RETURNING (PostgreSQL reports no
* insert id otherwise). A transaction has no config, so check the owning database too.
*
* @private
*/
function usesReturning(...databases) {
return databases.some(db => db?.config?.type === 'postgresql');
}
/**
* Validate `{ column: value }` equality conditions. Operator objects are rejected so a
* request body cannot turn `where({ id })` into `id > 0`.
*
* @private
*/
function equalityConditions(conditions, context, { requireOne = false } = {}) {
Iif (!isPlainObject(conditions)) {
throw new Error(`${context} expects an object of column/value pairs`);
}
const entries = Object.entries(conditions);
if (requireOne && entries.length === 0) {
throw new Error(`${context} requires at least one condition`);
}
for (const [column, value] of entries) {
assertIdentifier(column, context);
if (value === undefined) {
throw new Error(`${context}: value for ${column} is undefined`);
}
if (isPlainObject(value) || Array.isArray(value)) {
throw new Error(
`${context}: value for ${column} must be a single value. Use executeQuery() for operators such as in, like or >.`
);
}
}
return conditions;
}
/**
* Resolve a relationship's `model`: a model class, or the name of one registered globally.
*
* @private
*/
function resolveRelatedModel(model, name, owner) {
const Related = typeof model === 'function' ? model : (typeof model === 'string' ? globalThis[model] : undefined);
if (typeof Related !== 'function') {
throw new Error(
`Related model ${String(model)} for relationship '${name}' on ${owner} not found. Pass the model class as \`model\`.`
);
}
return Related;
}
/**
* Model base class for database operations
*
* Set a connection with `Model.setDatabase(db)` (a DatabaseManager, a transaction, or
* anything with `query(sql, params)`); every query method throws without one.
*/
export class Model {
constructor(attributes = {}) {
this.attributes = attributes || {};
this.originalAttributes = { ...this.attributes };
this._isNew = !this.attributes[this.constructor.primaryKey || 'id'];
this._isDirty = false;
// Relationship accessors: user.posts() resolves relationships.posts
const relationships = this.constructor.relationships || this.constructor.relations || {};
for (const name of Object.keys(relationships)) {
Eif (!(name in this)) {
Object.defineProperty(this, name, {
value: () => this.getRelation(name),
configurable: true,
writable: true
});
}
}
}
static tableName = 'models';
static attributes = {};
static db = null;
static primaryKey = 'id';
static fillable = [];
static guarded = [];
static hidden = [];
static casts = {};
static validationRules = {};
static relations = {};
/**
* Build a persisted instance from a database row.
*
* @private
*/
static _fromRow(row) {
const instance = new this(row);
instance._isNew = false;
return instance;
}
/**
* Find a record by primary key.
*
* @param {*} id - Primary key value
* @returns {Promise<Model|null>} The record, or null when no row matches
*/
static async find(id) {
const db = requireDatabase(this);
Iif (id === undefined || id === null) {
return null;
}
const primaryKey = this.primaryKey || 'id';
const result = await executeQuery(db, { table: this.tableName, where: { [primaryKey]: id }, limit: 1 });
const row = result?.rows?.[0];
return row ? this._fromRow(row) : null;
}
/**
* Insert a new record from `attributes`, applying `fillable` / `guarded`
* like fill(): `User.create(req.body)` used to write every key the client
* sent (`role: 'admin'` included). Defaults from `static attributes` fill
* whatever is left unset.
*
* @param {Object} attributes - Column values; keys outside `fillable` (or in
* `guarded`) are ignored
* @param {Object} [options] - save() options, e.g. `{ transaction: tx }`
* @returns {Promise<Model>} The saved instance
*/
static async create(attributes = {}, options = {}) {
const instance = new this();
instance.fill(attributes ?? {});
Eif (this.attributes) {
for (const [key, config] of Object.entries(this.attributes)) {
if (config.default !== undefined && instance.attributes[key] === undefined) {
instance.setAttribute(key, config.default);
}
}
}
// Always an insert: built with the constructor, a model given its
// primary key counted as already saved, so create({ id: 5, ... }) ran no
// query at all and returned a record that did not exist.
instance._isNew = true;
await instance.save(options);
return instance;
}
static async findOrFail(id) {
const instance = await this.find(id);
if (!instance) {
throw new Error(`${this.name} with id ${id} not found`);
}
return instance;
}
static async all() {
const db = requireDatabase(this);
const result = await executeQuery(db, { table: this.tableName });
return (result?.rows || []).map(row => this._fromRow(row));
}
/**
* Find records whose columns equal the given values.
*
* @param {Object} conditions - `{ column: value }` pairs (null matches NULL)
* @returns {Promise<Model[]>} Matching records
*/
static async where(conditions) {
const db = requireDatabase(this);
const where = equalityConditions(conditions, `${this.name}.where()`);
const result = await executeQuery(db, { table: this.tableName, where });
return (result?.rows || []).map(row => this._fromRow(row));
}
/**
* Update records whose columns equal the given values.
*
* @param {Object} conditions - `{ column: value }` pairs; at least one is required
* @param {Object} updates - Columns to set
* @returns {Promise<number>} Number of rows the driver reports as changed
*/
static async updateWhere(conditions, updates) {
const db = requireDatabase(this);
const where = equalityConditions(conditions, `${this.name}.updateWhere()`, { requireOne: true });
const result = await executeQuery(db, { table: this.tableName, update: updates, where });
return affectedRowsOf(result);
}
/**
* Delete records whose columns equal the given values.
*
* @param {Object} conditions - `{ column: value }` pairs; at least one is required
* @returns {Promise<number>} Number of rows the driver reports as deleted
*/
static async deleteWhere(conditions) {
const db = requireDatabase(this);
const where = equalityConditions(conditions, `${this.name}.deleteWhere()`, { requireOne: true });
const result = await executeQuery(db, { table: this.tableName, delete: true, where });
return affectedRowsOf(result);
}
static setDatabase(db) {
this.db = db;
}
// Attribute access methods
get(key) { return this.attributes[key]; }
getAttribute(key, defaultValue) {
if (this.attributes.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
return this.attributes[key];
}
return arguments.length > 1 ? defaultValue : null;
}
set(key, value) {
// Same as setAttribute: casts the value and marks the model dirty so save() persists it
return this.setAttribute(key, value);
}
setAttribute(key, value) {
const oldValue = this.attributes[key];
this.attributes[key] = this.castAttribute(key, value);
if (oldValue !== this.attributes[key]) {
this._isDirty = true;
}
return this;
}
// Fill methods
fill(attributes) {
const fillable = this.constructor.fillable;
const guarded = this.constructor.guarded;
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
if (fillable.length > 0 && !fillable.includes(key)) {
this.setAttribute(key, undefined); // Explicitly set filtered attributes to undefined
continue;
}
if (guarded.length > 0 && guarded.includes(key)) {
this.setAttribute(key, undefined); // Explicitly set guarded attributes to undefined
continue;
}
this.setAttribute(key, value);
}
return this;
}
// Casting
castAttribute(key, value, type = null) {
const casts = this.constructor.casts;
const castType = type || casts[key];
if (!castType || value === null) return value;
switch (castType) {
case 'string': return String(value);
case 'number': return Number(value);
case 'boolean': return Boolean(value === 'true' || value === true || value === 1);
case 'date': return new Date(value);
case 'json': return typeof value === 'string' ? JSON.parse(value) : value;
case 'array': return Array.isArray(value) ? value : [value];
default: return value;
}
}
// State properties
get isNew() { return this._isNew; }
set isNew(value) { this._isNew = value; }
get isDeleted() { return this._isDeleted || false; }
get isDirty() { return this._isDirty; }
set isDirty(value) { this._isDirty = value; }
// Object conversion
toObject(includeHidden = false) {
const obj = { ...this.attributes };
if (!includeHidden) {
const hidden = this.constructor.hidden;
hidden.forEach(key => delete obj[key]);
}
return obj;
}
toJSON() {
return this.toObject();
}
// Validation
async validate(options = {}) {
const rules = this.constructor.validationRules;
const errors = {};
// Return true if no validation rules
if (!rules || Object.keys(rules).length === 0) {
return true;
}
for (const [field, fieldRules] of Object.entries(rules)) {
const value = this.getAttribute(field);
// For existing models, only validate fields that are present
// Skip required validation for missing fields on existing models
if (!this.isNew && !this.attributes.hasOwnProperty(field)) {
continue;
}
// Handle array of validation rules
if (Array.isArray(fieldRules)) {
// Check if this is a [function, message] tuple format
if (fieldRules.length === 2 && typeof fieldRules[0] === 'function' && typeof fieldRules[1] === 'string') {
const [validator, message] = fieldRules;
const isValid = validator(value);
if (!isValid) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(message);
}
} else E{
// Handle array of individual rules
for (const rule of fieldRules) {
if (rule === 'required' && (value === undefined || value === null || value === '')) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} is required`);
}
if (rule === 'email' && value && !value.includes('@')) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} must be a valid email address`);
}
if (typeof rule === 'function') {
const isValid = rule(value);
if (!isValid) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} validation failed`);
}
}
}
}
}
// Handle object validation rules with constraints
if (typeof fieldRules === 'object' && !Array.isArray(fieldRules)) {
if (fieldRules.required && (value === undefined || value === null || value === '')) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} is required`);
}
if (fieldRules.email && value && !value.includes('@')) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} must be a valid email address`);
}
if (fieldRules.minLength !== undefined) {
if (typeof value === 'string' && value.length < fieldRules.minLength) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} must be at least ${fieldRules.minLength} characters`);
}
}
if (fieldRules.min !== undefined) {
Iif (typeof value === 'number' && value < fieldRules.min) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} must be at least ${fieldRules.min}`);
}
}
if (fieldRules.max !== undefined) {
Iif (typeof value === 'string' && value.length > fieldRules.max) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} must be at most ${fieldRules.max} characters`);
} else if (typeof value === 'number' && value > fieldRules.max) {
errors[field] = errors[field] || [];
errors[field].push(`${field} must be no more than ${fieldRules.max}`);
}
}
}
}
if (Object.keys(errors).length > 0) {
this.errors = errors; // Store errors on instance
// If throwOnError is false, just return false
Iif (options.throwOnError === false) {
return false;
}
// Only throw errors when explicitly requested
if (options.throwOnError !== true) {
return false;
}
// If there are multiple validation errors, use general message
const totalErrors = Object.keys(errors).length;
if (totalErrors > 1) {
const _error = new Error('Validation failed');
_error.errors = errors;
throw _error;
}
// For single field _error, throw with the specific message
const firstError = Object.values(errors)[0];
Eif (Array.isArray(firstError) && firstError[0]) {
const _error = new Error(firstError[0]);
_error.errors = errors;
throw _error;
}
const _error = new Error('Validation failed');
_error.errors = errors;
throw _error;
}
this.errors = {};
return true;
}
/**
* Insert or update the record.
*
* @param {Object} [options={}]
* @param {boolean} [options.skipValidation] - Skip validate()
* @param {Object} [options.transaction] - Run the write on this transaction instead of Model.db
* @returns {Promise<Model>} this
*/
async save(options = {}) {
const ModelClass = this.constructor;
const db = requireDatabase(ModelClass, options);
if (!options.skipValidation) {
await this.validate({ throwOnError: true });
}
const primaryKey = ModelClass.primaryKey || 'id';
if (this._isNew) {
if (this.beforeSave) {
await this.beforeSave();
this.beforeSaveCalled = true;
}
if (this.beforeCreate) {
await this.beforeCreate();
this.beforeCreateCalled = true;
}
// Add timestamps for new models
if (ModelClass.timestamps !== false) {
this.setAttribute('created_at', new Date());
this.setAttribute('updated_at', new Date());
}
const query = { table: ModelClass.tableName, insert: this.attributes };
if (usesReturning(db, ModelClass.db)) {
// PostgreSQL only reports generated keys through RETURNING
query.returning = primaryKey;
}
const result = await executeQuery(db, query);
const generatedId = result?.insertId ?? result?.rows?.[0]?.[primaryKey];
// fill() stores filtered-out attributes as undefined, so a body that
// carried a non-fillable `id` left the key undefined rather than null.
const currentId = this.getAttribute(primaryKey);
if ((currentId === null || currentId === undefined) && generatedId !== undefined && generatedId !== null) {
this.setAttribute(primaryKey, generatedId);
}
this._isNew = false;
if (this.afterCreate) {
await this.afterCreate();
this.afterCreateCalled = true;
}
if (this.afterSave) {
await this.afterSave();
this.afterSaveCalled = true;
}
} else {
// Skip update if model is not dirty
if (!this._isDirty) {
return this;
}
const id = this.getAttribute(primaryKey);
Iif (id === null || id === undefined) {
throw new Error(`Cannot update ${ModelClass.name} without a primary key`);
}
Iif (this.beforeUpdate) await this.beforeUpdate();
// Update timestamp for existing models
Eif (ModelClass.timestamps !== false) {
this.setAttribute('updated_at', new Date());
}
const changes = { ...this.attributes };
delete changes[primaryKey];
await executeQuery(db, { table: ModelClass.tableName, update: changes, where: { [primaryKey]: id } });
Iif (this.afterUpdate) await this.afterUpdate();
}
this._isDirty = false;
this.originalAttributes = { ...this.attributes };
return this;
}
/**
* Delete the record.
*
* @param {Object} [options={}]
* @param {Object} [options.transaction] - Run the delete on this transaction instead of Model.db
* @returns {Promise<boolean>} true
*/
async delete(options = {}) {
const ModelClass = this.constructor;
const primaryKey = ModelClass.primaryKey || 'id';
const id = this.getAttribute(primaryKey);
if (id === null || id === undefined) {
throw new Error('Cannot delete model without primary key');
}
const db = requireDatabase(ModelClass, options);
// Call lifecycle hooks
if (this.beforeDelete) await this.beforeDelete();
await executeQuery(db, { table: ModelClass.tableName, delete: true, where: { [primaryKey]: id } });
this._isDeleted = true;
if (this.afterDelete) await this.afterDelete();
return true;
}
/**
* Load a relationship declared in `static relationships`.
*
* @param {string} name - Relationship name
* @returns {Promise<Model[]|Model|null>} Related records (hasMany) or record (hasOne, belongsTo)
*/
async getRelation(name) {
const ModelClass = this.constructor;
const relationships = ModelClass.relationships || ModelClass.relations || {};
const relation = relationships[name];
if (!relation) {
throw new Error(`Relationship '${name}' not defined on ${ModelClass.name}`);
}
const Related = resolveRelatedModel(relation.model, name, ModelClass.name);
switch (relation.type) {
case 'hasMany':
case 'hasOne': {
const localKey = relation.localKey || ModelClass.primaryKey || 'id';
const foreignKey = relation.foreignKey || `${ModelClass.name.toLowerCase()}_id`;
const value = this.getAttribute(localKey);
Iif (value === null || value === undefined) {
return relation.type === 'hasMany' ? [] : null;
}
const related = await Related.where({ [foreignKey]: value });
return relation.type === 'hasMany' ? related : (related[0] ?? null);
}
case 'belongsTo': {
const foreignKey = relation.foreignKey || `${Related.name.toLowerCase()}_id`;
const ownerKey = relation.ownerKey || Related.primaryKey || 'id';
const value = this.getAttribute(foreignKey);
Iif (value === null || value === undefined) {
return null;
}
const related = await Related.where({ [ownerKey]: value });
return related[0] ?? null;
}
default:
throw new Error(`Unsupported relationship type '${relation.type}' for '${name}' on ${ModelClass.name}`);
}
}
}
export function createModel(db) {
const models = new Map();
// Helper functions
/** INSERT config for a model's row, with RETURNING of the primary key on PostgreSQL. */
function insertQuery(data, primaryKey) {
return usesReturning(db) ? { insert: data, returning: primaryKey } : { insert: data };
}
/** An instance's column values: its own properties minus the attached methods. */
function instanceData(instance) {
return Object.fromEntries(
Object.entries(instance).filter(([, value]) => typeof value !== 'function')
);
}
function validateModelDefinition(definition) {
Iif (!definition.tableName) {
throw new Error('Model must have a tableName');
}
Iif (!definition.attributes || typeof definition.attributes !== 'object') {
throw new Error('Model must have attributes object');
}
}
function createInstance(modelName, attributes) {
const model = models.get(modelName);
Iif (!model) {
throw new Error(`Model '${modelName}' not found`);
}
const instance = { ...attributes };
// Add instance methods
if (model.methods) {
Object.entries(model.methods).forEach(([methodName, method]) => {
instance[methodName] = method.bind(instance);
});
}
// Add save method
instance.save = async () => {
const primaryKey = model.primaryKey || 'id';
const id = instance[primaryKey];
const data = instanceData(instance);
if (id) {
// Update existing
delete data[primaryKey];
await model.updateWhere({ [primaryKey]: id }, data);
} else E{
// Create new
const result = await model.query(insertQuery(data, primaryKey));
const generatedId = result.insertId ?? result.rows?.[0]?.[primaryKey];
if (generatedId !== undefined && generatedId !== null) {
instance[primaryKey] = generatedId;
}
}
return instance;
};
// Add delete method
instance.delete = async () => {
const primaryKey = model.primaryKey || 'id';
const id = instance[primaryKey];
Iif (!id) {
throw new Error('Cannot delete instance without primary key');
}
return await model.deleteWhere({ [primaryKey]: id });
};
return instance;
}
function createModel(name, definition) {
const model = {
name,
db,
...definition,
// Core query method
query: async (config) => {
// Default to the model's table without mutating the caller's config
const query = config.table || config.from ? { ...config } : { ...config, table: definition.tableName };
const result = await executeQuery(db, query);
// Convert results to model instances for SELECT queries
if (config.select && result.rows) {
return result.rows.map(row => createInstance(name, row));
}
return result;
},
// Convenience methods
find: async (id) => {
const results = await model.query({
select: '*',
where: { [definition.primaryKey || 'id']: id },
limit: 1
});
return results.length > 0 ? results[0] : null;
},
all: async () => {
return await model.query({ select: '*' });
},
where: async (config) => {
return await model.query(config);
},
create: async (attributes) => {
const result = await model.query(insertQuery(attributes, definition.primaryKey || 'id'));
// Return created instance with ID
const generatedId = result.insertId ?? result.rows?.[0]?.[definition.primaryKey || 'id'];
Eif (generatedId !== undefined && generatedId !== null) {
return await model.find(generatedId);
}
return createInstance(name, attributes);
},
updateWhere: async (conditions, updates) => {
const result = await model.query({
update: updates,
where: conditions
});
return result.affectedRows || 0;
},
deleteWhere: async (conditions) => {
const result = await model.query({
delete: true,
where: conditions
});
return result.affectedRows || 0;
}
};
// Add static methods if defined
Iif (definition.statics) {
Object.entries(definition.statics).forEach(([methodName, method]) => {
model[methodName] = method.bind(model);
});
}
return model;
}
return {
/**
* Register a model with pure object definition
*
* @param {string} name - Model name
* @param {Object} definition - Model definition object
* @returns {Object} Enhanced model object
*/
registerModel(name, definition) {
validateModelDefinition(definition);
const model = createModel(name, definition);
models.set(name, model);
return model;
},
/**
* Execute multi-model queries
*/
async execute(queryObject) {
const results = {};
for (const [modelName, queryConfig] of Object.entries(queryObject)) {
const model = models.get(modelName);
Iif (!model) {
throw new Error(`Model '${modelName}' not found`);
}
results[modelName] = await model.query(queryConfig);
}
return results;
},
/**
* Get registered model
*/
getModel(name) {
return models.get(name);
}
};
}
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